Borrowed from French brasserie, from brasser (“to brew”), from Old French bracer, from brace (“malt”), from Gaulish bracem. A brasserie can be expected to have professional service, printed menus, and, traditionally, white linen—unlike a bistro which may have none of these. Typically, a brasserie is open every day of the week and serves the same menu all day. A good example of brasserie dish is steak frites.
Roman women wearing breast-bands during sport, Sicily, 4th century ADFragments of linen textiles found in in Austria dated to between 1440 and 1485 are believed to have been bras. Two of them had cups made from two pieces of linen sewn with fabric that extended to the bottom of the torso with a row of six eyelets for fastening with a lace or string. One had two shoulder straps and was decorated with lace in the cleavage.From the 16th century, the undergarments of wealthier women in the Western world were dominated by the, which pushed the breasts upwards. In the later 19th century, clothing designers began experimenting with alternatives, splitting the corset into multiple parts: a -like restraining device for the lower torso, and devices that suspended the breasts from the shoulder to the upper torso. A seamstress sews a bra in Puerto RicoMass-produced bras are manufactured to fit a prototypical woman standing with both arms at her sides. The design assumes that both breasts are equally sized and symmetrical. Manufacturing a well-fitting bra is a challenge since the garment is supposed to be form-fitting but women's breasts may sag, vary in volume, width, height, shape, and position on the chest.
Manufacturers make standard bra sizes that provide a 'close' fit, however even a woman with accurate measurements can have a difficult time finding a correctly fitted bra because of the variations in sizes between different manufacturers. Some manufacturers create ' and deliberately mis-state the size of their bras in an attempt to persuade women that they are slimmer and more buxom.A bra is one of the most complicated garments to make. A typical design has between 20 and 48 parts, including the band, gore, side panel, cup, apex, neckline, underwire, strap, ring, slider, strap join, and closure.
Bras are built on a square frame model. Designer Chantal Thomass said,It's a highly technical garment, made of lots of tiny pieces of fabric, with so many sizes to consider for the different cups, etc. It's a garment you wash every day, so the seams and structure need to be extremely robust. It's very different from a piece of clothing; it's in direct contact with the skin, it needs to be super solid.The primary component offering the most support is a chest band that wraps around the torso. It supports two cups that are usually held in place by two. The chest band is usually closed in the back by a hook and eye, but smaller busted models may be fastened at the front. Sleep bras or do not have fasteners and are pulled on over the head and breasts.
The section between the cups is called a gore. The section under the armpit where the band joins the cups is called the 'back wing'.Bra components, including the cup top and bottom (if seamed), the central, side and back panels, and straps, are cut to manufacturer's specifications. Many layers of fabric may be cut at the same time using computer-controlled lasers or bandsaw shearing devices. The pieces are assembled by piece workers using industrial sewing machines or automated machines. Coated metal hooks and eyes are sewn in by machine and heat processed or ironed into the back ends of the band and a tag or label is attached or printed onto the bra itself. The completed bras are folded (mechanically or manually), and packaged for shipment.The chest band and cups, not the shoulder straps, are designed to support the weight of women's breasts.
Strapless bras rely on an and additional seaming and stiffening panels to support them. The shoulder straps of some sports bras cross over at the back to take the pressure off the shoulders when arms are raised. Manufacturers continually experiment with proprietary frame designs.
For example, the Playtex '18-Hour Bra' model utilizes an M-Frame design. Materials. Selection of bras in, Egypt, 2013Bras were originally made of linen, cotton broadcloth, and twill weaves and sewn using flat-felled or bias-tape seams. They are now made of a variety of materials, including, Spanette, foam, mesh, and, which are blended to achieve specific purposes. Spandex, a synthetic fiber with built-in 'stretch memory', can be blended with cotton, polyester, or nylon. Mesh is a high-tech synthetic composed of ultra-fine filaments that are tightly knit for smoothness.Sixty to seventy per cent of bras sold in the UK and US have cups.
The underwire is made of metal, plastic, or resin. Said the antecedents for underwire in bras date to at least 1893, when Marie Tucek of New York City patented a breast supporter, a sort of early push-up bra made of either metal or cardboard and then covered with fabric. Underwire is built around the perimeter of the cup where it attaches to the band, increasing its rigidity to improve support, lift, and separation.Wirefree or softcup bras have additional seaming and internal reinforcement.By the late 1970s, wire-free bras were emerging both at and at in Switzerland. In Italy and in France followed in the 1980s, as did in the 1990s.' These five companies set the pace for contemporary bralettes,' Quote = Ellen Lewis The Lingerie Briefs editor. Their designs were seen as casual feminist alternatives to the more constrictive undergarments that preceded them.
Many women slept in their bralettes. Work = The New York Time URL = date = 2019 July 31 T-shirt bras utilize molded cups that eliminate seams and hide nipples. Others use padding or shaping materials to enhance bust size or cleavage. Size and fitting. Main article:In most countries, bras come in a band and cup size, such as 34C; 34 is the chest band, or the measurement around the torso directly underneath the breasts, and C is the cup size, which refers to the volume of the breasts. Most bras are offered in 36 sizes; the Triumph 'Doreen' comes in 67 sizes, up to 46J.The cup size varies depending on the band size.
A D cup on a 38 band is larger in volume than a D cup on a 34 band, as the volume of a woman's breast increases as her chest band dimension increases. In countries that have adopted the European dress-size standard, the measurement is rounded to the nearest multiple of 5 centimetres (2.0 in).
Measuring cup and band sizeInternational manufacturing standards and measurement systems vary widely. Bras are designed for an ideal body, but women's anatomy vary widely. Ten percent of women's breasts are asymmetrical, with the left breast being larger in 62 percent of cases.
One woman's breasts may be ptotic and widely spaced, another's might be centered closely on the chest, upright, and very full. In some cases, women one side bust is small and another is side is large.
As a result, finding a correctly fitting bra is extremely difficult. When women find a bra that appears to fit, they tend to stay with that size, even though they may lose and gain weight.In a survey in the United Kingdom, 60 per cent of over 2,000 women between the ages of 16 to 75 said they had had a bra fitting, and 99 per cent said that fit was the least important factor when selecting a bra. Increased publicity about the issue of poorly fitted bras has increased the number of women seeking a fitting. The UK retailer stated that about 8,000 women are fitted for bras in their stores weekly. Despite this, about 80–85 percent of women still wear the wrong bra size.Bra experts recommend professional bra fittings from the lingerie department of a clothing store or a specialty lingerie store, especially for cup sizes D or larger, and particularly if there has been significant weight gain or loss, or if the wearer is continually adjusting her bra. Women in the UK change their bra size on average six times over their lifetimes.
Bra extension for the bandSigns of a loose bra band include the band riding up the back. If the band causes flesh to spill over the edges, it is too small. A woman can test whether a bra band is too tight or loose by reversing the bra on her torso so that the cups are in the back and then check for fit and comfort. Experts suggest that women choose a band size that fits using the outermost set of hooks. This allows the wearer to use the tighter hooks as the bra stretches during its lifetime.
Main article:Bras may be designed to enhance a woman's breast size, or to create, or for other aesthetic, fashion, or more practical considerations. Are designed to aid.
Compression bras, such as, push against and minimize breast movement, whereas encapsulation bras have cups for support. Breast support may be built into some swimsuits, camisoles and dresses.Bras come in a variety of styles, including backless, balconette, convertible, shelf, full cup, full coverage bra, demi-cup, minimizing, padded, plunge, lounge bra, posture, push-up, racerback, sheer, strapless, T-shirt, underwire, unlined, and soft cup. Some special styles are manufactured by companies like plus-size bra, bridal bra and cancer bra. Bra is a special in its kind for patient whose breast removed in the operation. The styles helps them to look natural after operation.Culture Fashion. Wearing a, 1955Women's choices about what bra to wear are consciously and unconsciously affected by social perceptions of the ideal, which changes over time. As lingerie, women wear bras for sex appeal.
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Bras can also be used to make a social statement as evidenced by 's designs and the cone-shaped bra wore outside her clothing on her.In the 1920s in the United States – the era – the fashion was to flatten the breasts. During the 1940s and 1950s, the became fashionable, supported by a (known also as a torpedo or cone bra) as worn.
In the early 1960s, smaller breasts gained popularity, and in the late 1990s larger breasts became more fashionable. Described preferences in the United States in 1990: 'round, sitting high on the chest, large but not bulbous, with the look of firmness.' This is regarded as contradictory in several ways.As outerwear, bras in the form of bikini tops in the 1950s became the acceptable public display in modern times.
During the 1960s, designers and manufacturers introduced padded and underwire bras. After the in September 1968, manufacturers were concerned that women would stop wearing bras. In response, many altered their marketing and claimed that wearing their bra was like 'not wearing a bra'. In the 1970s women sought more comfortable and natural-looking bras.commissions a fantasy bra every autumn. In 2003 it hired the jeweller to design one containing more than 2500 carats of diamonds and sapphires; valued at US$10 million, it was the world's most valuable bra at the time. Undergarment as outerwear. Women wearing bras as tops at, Polandwere first invented in 1975.
Women wore them under other clothing for the next 25 years. But on 10 July 1999, scored the fifth kick in the to give the United States the win over in the final game of the. In celebration, she spontaneously whipped off her jersey, exposing her sports bra. Her act is regarded by some as a historical event that boosted wearing sports bras alone.
From that point forward, sports bras were increasingly worn as outerwear.was one of the first to start showing her bra straps, in the late 1980s. A corset she wore as outerwear during her 1990 sold for US$52,000 in 2012 at the Christie's Pop Culture auction in London. 's autumn 2013 couture collection featured fashions that were open in the front, revealing underwire bras.
It became fashionable from the early 1990s to wear clothing that showed bra straps.Wearing clothes that reveal the bra or straps became so common that Cosmopolitan created guidelines in 2012 on how to expose them. Advice included avoiding plain, flesh-toned, smooth-cup bras, so that the exposure does not appear accidental; making sure the bra is in good condition; and wearing a style that either matches the colour of the outerwear or is dramatically different. Decreasing Western usage While a few women have a medical and surgical need to wear a brassiere, informal surveys have found that many women began wearing bras to be fashionable, to conform to social or maternal pressure, or for physical support. Very few cited comfort as the reason. In fact, many women experience so much discomfort that they remove their bra as soon as they can. Many Western women recognize that they have been socialized to wear bras, and some who choose to go without report feeling exposed or 'subject to violation'.In Western society, there is an increasing trend towards among a number of women, especially millennials, who have expressed opposition to and are giving up wearing bras. Being seen in public while not wearing a bra is becoming more acceptable, encouraging more women to go without.
In 2016, magazine fashion director Rachael Wang wrote, 'Going braless is as old as feminism but it seems to be bubbling to the surface more recently as a direct response to moments like hashtag campaign, increased trans-visibility like 's cover. And ’s show (which features young girls often without bras).' Back view and front view of worn by US playersIn an online survey for magazine in 2013, 25 per cent of women reported that they do not wear a bra every day. Surveys have reported that 5–25 per cent of Western women do not wear a bra.A National was first observed in the United States on 9 July 2011. Women posted on Twitter about the relief they felt when taking off their bra. More than 250,000 people expressed an interest in 'attending' the day on a Facebook page. No Bra Day is now observed internationally on 13 October.A commissioned by asked more than 1,000 women what they like in a bra.
Among the respondents, 67 per cent said they prefer wearing a bra to going braless, while 85 per cent wanted to wear a 'shape-enhancing bra that feels like nothing at all.' They were split as regards underwire bras: 49 per cent said they prefer underwire bras, the same percentage as those who said they prefer wireless bras. According to underwire manufacturer S & S Industries of New York, who supply bras to, and other labels, about 70 per cent of bra-wearing women wear underwire bras. Third-world usage Bras are not universally worn around the world; in some third-world countries bras may cost up to 10–30 hours of a woman's wages, making them unaffordable to most of the population. As of 2011, women in needed to pay up to a week's wages for a new bra.
Bras are highly prized at second-hand markets in. The Uplift Project provides recycled bras to women in developing countries. Since 2005 they have shipped 330,000, including to Fiji, Vanuatu, Tonga, and Cambodia.In 2009 Somalia's hard-line Islamic group forced women to shake their breasts at gunpoint to see if they were wearing bras, which they called 'un-Islamic'. A resident of whose daughters were whipped said, 'The Islamists say a woman's chest should be firm naturally, or flat.'
Economic impact Consumers spend around $16 billion a year worldwide on bras. In the US during 2012, women owned an average of nine bras and wore six on a regular basis. That increased from 2006, when the average American woman owned six, one of which was strapless, and one in a colour other than white.
British women in a 2009 survey reported that they owned an average of 16 bras.The average bra size among North American women has changed from 34B in 1983 to a 34DD in 2012–2013, and from 36C in 2013 to 36DD in the UK during 2014–2015. The change in bra size has been linked to growing obesity rates, breast implants, increased birth control usage, estrogen mimicking pollutants, the availability of a larger selection of bras, and women wearing better fitting bras. Bra shirt with built-in breast support (on left), 2015Bras are made in Asian countries, including Sri Lanka, India, and China. While there has been some social pressure from the and on manufacturers to reduce use of labour, most major apparel manufacturers rely on them directly and indirectly. Prior to 2005, a trade agreement limited textile imports to the European Union and the US. China was exporting US$33.9 billion in textiles and clothing each year to the EU and the US.
When those quotas expired on 1 January 2005, the so-called Bra Wars began. Within six months, China shipped 30 million more bras to the two markets: 33 per cent more to the US and 63 per cent more to the EU. As of 2014, an average bra cost £29.80. As of 2012, Africa imported US$107 million worth of bras, with South Africa accounting for 40 per cent. Morocco was second and Nigeria third, while Mauritius topped purchasing on a basis.In countries where labour costs are low, bras that cost US$5–7 to manufacture sell for US$50 or more in American retail stores. As of 2006, female garment workers in Sri Lanka earned about US$2.20 per day. Similarly, Honduran garment factory workers in 2003 were paid US$0.24 for each $50 sweatshirt they made, less than one-half of one per cent of the retail price.
In 2009, residents in the textile manufacturing city of in the province of China made more than 200 million bras. Children were employed to assemble bras and were paid 0.30 for every 100 bra straps they helped assemble. In one day they could earn 20 to 30 yuan. Western Feminist opinions In 1968 at the feminist, protesters symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a 'Freedom Trash Can'. These included bras, which were among items the protesters called 'instruments of female torture' and accouterments of what they perceived to be enforced. A local news story in the Atlantic City Press erroneously reported that 'the bras, girdles, falsies, curlers, and copies of popular women's magazines burned in the 'Freedom Trash Can'. Individuals who were present said that no one burned a bra nor did anyone take off her bra.
However, a female reporter (Lindsy Van Gelder) covering the protest drew an analogy between the feminist protesters and protesters who, and the parallel between protesters burning their draft cards and women burning their bras was encouraged by some organizers including. 'The media picked up on the bra part', said later. 'I often say that if they had called us 'girdle burners,' every woman in America would have run to join us.' Feminism and 'bra-burning' became linked in popular culture. The analogous term jockstrap-burning has since been coined as a reference to. While feminist women did not literally burn their bras, some stopped wearing them in protest.
The feminist author Bonnie J. Dow has suggested that the association between feminism and bra-burning was encouraged by individuals who opposed the feminist movement. 'Bra-burning' created an image that women weren't really seeking freedom from sexism, but were attempting to assert themselves as sexual beings. This might lead individuals to believe, as wrote, that the women were merely trying to be 'trendy, and to attract men.' Some feminist activists believe that use the bra burning myth and the subject of going braless to trivialize what the protesters were trying to accomplish at the feminist 1968 and the feminist movement in general.The of feminists burning their bras was anticipated by an earlier generation of feminists who called for burning corsets as a step toward liberation.
In 1873 wrote:So burn up the corsets!. No, nor do you save the whalebones, you will never need whalebones again. Make a bonfire of the cruel steels that have lorded it over your thorax and abdomens for so many years and heave a sigh of relief, for your emancipation I assure you, from this moment has begun.Some feminists began arguing in the 1960s and 1970s that the bra was an example of how women's clothing shaped and even deformed women's bodies to male expectations.
Professor listened to feminist talk about bras during a formal college dinner in, in 1964 (Greer had become a member of that college in 1962):At the graduates' table, Germaine was explaining that there could be no liberation for women, no matter how highly educated, as long as we were required to cram our breasts into bras constructed like mini-Vesuviuses, two stitched white cantilevered cones which bore no resemblance to the female anatomy. The willingly suffered discomfort of the Sixties bra, she opined vigorously, was a hideous symbol of female oppression.' S book (1970) became associated with the anti-bra movement because she pointed out how restrictive and uncomfortable a bra could be. 'Bras are a ludicrous invention', she wrote, 'but if you make bralessness a rule, you're just subjecting yourself to yet another repression.'
In her book Femininity (1984) took the position that women without bras shock and anger men because men 'implicitly think that they own breasts and that only they should remove bras.' The feminist author wrote in 2005 that the bra 'serves as a barrier to touch' and that a braless woman is ', eliminating the 'hard, pointy look that phallic culture posits as the norm.' Without a bra, in her view, women's breasts are not consistently shaped objects but change as the woman moves, reflecting the natural body. Other feminist anti-bra arguments from Young in 2005 include that are used to indoctrinate girls into thinking about their breasts as sexual objects and to accentuate their sexuality. Young also wrote in 2007 that, in American culture, breasts are subject to 'capitalist, American media-dominated culture that objectifies breasts before such a distancing glance that freezes and masters.' The academic Wendy Burns-Ardolino wrote in 2007 that women's decision to wear bras is mediated by the '. Health Fit Apparel company Ruby Ribbon surveyed 3,000 women in 2014 in advance of National No Bra Day about their attitudes towards their breasts and bras.
Among respondents, 92 percent said they simply want support and comfort and are less interested in sex appeal or fashionable colors and designs. Twenty-one percent rated their bra 'An Enemy – I wish I had never met her', and nearly half (46 per cent) answered, 'A Business Partner – I put up with her'. When asked to describe their bra in one word, the most popular term was 'uncomfortable'.
Many women look forward to the time of day when they can take off their bra.Some women experience generalized breast discomfort and tenderness from, and their breast tissue is often described as 'lumpy', 'rope-like', or 'doughy'. Doctors often recommend that women wear a well-fitted, supportive bra to help resolve the symptoms.
Exercise Biomechanical studies have demonstrated that, depending on the activity and the size of a woman's breast, when she walks or runs braless, her breasts may move up and down by 4 to 18 centimetres (1.6 to 7.1 in) or more, and also oscillate side to side.Researchers have also found that as women's breast size increased, they took part in less physical activity, especially vigorous exercise. Few very-large-breasted women jogged, for example. To avoid exercise-related discomfort and pain, medical experts suggest women wear a well-fitted during activity. Breast sagging. Women with large, sagging breasts have a harder time finding a well-fitting bra and are more likely to experience pain and discomfortWomen sometimes wear bras because they mistakenly believe they prevent breasts from sagging as they get older. Physicians, lingerie saleswomen, teen girls, and adult women used to believe that bras were medically required to support breasts.
In a 1952 article in Parents' Magazine, Frank H. Crowell wrote that it was important for teen girls to begin wearing bras early.
This would prevent sagging breasts, stretched blood vessels, and poor circulation later on.This belief was based on the incorrect idea that since breasts cannot anatomically support themselves, wearing a brassiere makes a difference as a woman ages. But researchers, bra manufacturers, and health professionals cannot find any evidence to support the idea that wearing a bra for any amount of time decreases breast sagging. Bra manufacturers are careful to claim that bras only affect the shape of breasts while they are being worn.
The key factors influencing breast ptosis over a woman's lifetime are smoking, her, higher, larger bra cup size, and significant weight gain and loss. See also. Adams, Tania; Packer, Matt (2006). New York: Sterling Publishing. CS1 maint: ref=harv Apsan, Rebecca (2006).
New York: Workman Publishing Company. CS1 maint: ref=harv Burns-Ardolino, Wendy (2007). Jiggle: (Re)Shaping American Women. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. CS1 maint: ref=harv Campbell, W.
Joseph (2010). Berkeley, California: University of California Press. CS1 maint: ref=harv Campo, Natasha (2005). ' 'Having It All' or 'Had Enough'?
Blaming Feminism in the Age and the Sydney Morning Herald, 1980–2004'. Journal of Australian Studies. 28 (84): 63–72. CS1 maint: ref=harv Chen, Chin-Man; LaBat, Karen; Bye, Elizabeth (2010). 'Physical Characteristics Related to Bra Fit'. 53 (4): 514–24.
CS1 maint: ref=harv (2003). America's Women: Four Hundred Years of Dolls, Drudges, Helpmates, and Heroines. New York: HarperCollins. CS1 maint: ref=harv Dow, Bonnie J. 'Spectacle, Spectatorship, and Gender Anxiety in Television News Coverage of the 1970 Women's Strike for Equality'. Communication Studies.
Retrieved 16 January 2014. CS1 maint: extra punctuation CS1 maint: ref=harv Eisenberg, Ted; Eisenberg, Joyne K. The Scoop on Breasts: A Plastic Surgeon Busts the Myths. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Incompra Press. CS1 maint: ref=harv Farrell-Beck, Jane; Gau, Colleen (2002).
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. CS1 maint: ref=harv (2001) 1970. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. CS1 maint: ref=harv Jenkins, Simon P. R. Sports Science Handbook: The Essential Guide to Kinesiology, Sport and Exercise Science. Multi-Science Publishing. CS1 maint: ref=harv Kornblum, William (2011).
Sociology in a Changing World (9th ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. CS1 maint: ref=harv Leoty, Ernest (1893). The Corset Through the Ages (in French). Paris: Paul Ollendorf – via Wikisource. CS1 maint: ref=harv Luciani, Jene (2009). The Bra Book: The Fashion Formula to Finding the Perfect Bra.
Dallas, Texas: BenBella Books. CS1 maint: ref=harv McGhee, D. E.; Steele, J. R. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 40 (12): 970–974.
CS1 maint: ref=harv ——— (2010). 'Optimising Breast Support in Female Patients Through Correct Bra Fit: A Cross-Sectional Study'. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport.
13 (6): 568–572. CS1 maint: extra punctuation CS1 maint: ref=harv (1873). Boston, Massachusetts: James R. Osgood and Company. Retrieved 25 August 2018. CS1 maint: ref=harv Scott, Lesley (2010).
Lingerie: A Modern Guide. London: Quantum Publishing.
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CS1 maint: ref=harv Spongberg, Mary (1993). Cloning clyde pc download. 'If She's So Great, How Come So Many Pigs Dig Her? Germaine Greer and the Malestream Press'. Women's History Review. 2 (3): 407–419.:.
CS1 maint: ref=harv (2010). The Berg Companion to Fashion. Oxford: Berg Publishers.
CS1 maint: ref=harv (2005). On Female Body Experience: 'Throwing Like a Girl' and Other Essays. New York: Oxford University Press. CS1 maint: ref=harv Further reading. Casselman, Anne (2005). Vol. 26 no. 11. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
Ewing, Elizabeth (1971). Fashion in Underwear. London: Batsford. Freeman, Susan K. 'In Style: Femininity and Fashion Since the Victorian Era'.
Journal of Women's History. 16 (4): 191–206. 10 December 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2018.; Lindsey, Karen (2000). Susan Love's Breast Book (3rd ed.).
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Perseus Publishing. Pedersen, Stephanie (2004). Bra: A Thousand Years of Style, Support and Seduction. Newton Abbot, England: David & Charles. Seigel, Jessica (13 February 2004).
The New York Times. Retrieved 27 April 2018. ' Le Corset: A Material Culture Analysis of a Deluxe French Book'. The Yale Journal of Criticism. 11 (1): 29–38.
The Corset: A Cultural History. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. CS1 maint: extra punctuation (1996). New York: DK Publishing. Summers, Leigh (2001). Bound to Please: A History of the Victorian Corset.
Oxford: Berg. Warner, Lucien T. Always Starting Things: Through 75 Eventful Years. Bridgeport, Connecticut: Warner Brothers. Yu, W.; Fan, J.; Harlock, S. C.; Ng, S. P. Innovation and Technology of Women's Intimate Apparel. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
External links Patents. —1859 Combined breast pads and arm-pit shield.
—1907 Bust supporter. —1914 Brassiere.
The front of Brasserie Lipp in Paris
A riverside brasserie in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England
Brasserie, Groenplaats, Antwerp
In France, Flanders, and the Francophone world, a brasserie (pronounced [bʁas.ʁi]) is a type of French restaurant with a relaxed setting, which serves single dishes and other meals. The word brasserie is also French for 'brewery' and, by extension, 'the brewing business'. A brasserie can be expected to have professional service, printed menus, and, traditionally, white linen—unlike a bistro which may have none of these. Typically, a brasserie is open every day of the week and serves the same menu all day. A good example of brasserie dish is steak frites.[1]
Etymology[edit]
The term brasserie is French for 'brewery', from Middle Frenchbrasser 'to brew', from Old Frenchbracier, from Vulgar Latinbraciare, of Celtic origin. Its first usage in English was in 1864.[2]
The origin of the word probably stems from the fact that beer was brewed on the premises rather than brought in: thus an inn would brew its own beer as well as supply food and invariably accommodation too. In 1901 Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language defined 'brasserie' as 'in France, any beer-garden or saloon'.[3] In 2000 The New Penguin English Dictionary included this definition of 'brasserie': 'a small informal French-style restaurant'.[4]
Northeast France and the United Kingdom[edit]
In Northern France, particularly towards the Belgian border (an area that traditionally brews French style beers), there has been a revival of old breweries which have been converted into restaurants and hotels, reverting to brewing their own beer as micro-brews. The term is often used in the United Kingdom applied to small restaurants, usually in city centres; however, it generally has no connection with brewing.
United States[edit]
The culture of establishing brasserie in the United States has been on the increase. Today, there are several French restaurants across the major states. They include Bouley in New York City, Café Provence in Kansas, Joël Robuchon in Las Vegas and many others.[5]
United Arab Emirates[edit]
In the United Arab Emirates, brasserie-style eateries are springing up. One of them is The Maine Oyster Bar & Grill located in Dubai.[6] Others include Bistro des Arts, Bord Eau, Brasserie du Park, Carine and others all located in Dubai.[7]
Québec[edit]
According to the OQLF, a brasserie restaurant is an Establishment that operates both a restaurant and a bar, where mainly simple meals and beer are consumed, typically a brewpub.[8]
See also[edit]
La Mère Catherine (a Parisian brasserie founded in 1793)
References[edit]
^Bourdain, Anthony (29 January 2002). 'Childhood Favorites'. A Cook's Tour. Season 2. Episode 9. 3 minutes in. Food Network. I'm looking for the authentic and the familiar, some classic brasserie chow: steak frite.
^'Definition of BRASSERIE'. Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
^Davidson, Thomas, comp. Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language. London: W. & R. Chambers; p. 113
^The New Penguin English Dictionary ; consultant editor: Robert Allen. London: Penguin, 2000; p. 167
^Morfin, Marcelina. 'The 10 Best French Restaurants In The USA'. Culture Trip. Retrieved 2019-09-03.
^'The Maine is opening a brand new restaurant in Business Bay'. What's On Dubai. 2019-04-11. Retrieved 2019-09-03.
^'The UAE's best French restaurants'. Condé Nast Traveller Middle East. Retrieved 2019-09-03.
^Office québécois de la langue française (2015). 'Terme qui est égal à « brasserie »'. Le grand dictionnaire terminologique (GDT) (in French). Retrieved 4 March 2020. Établissement qui tient à la fois du restaurant et du bar, où l'on consomme principalement des repas simples et de la bière.
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